World’s Most Endangered Language Now Spoken by Only One Person

N|uu, a language that has been around for over 20,000 years, is now at risk of extinction, with only one fluent speaker remaining—Ouma Katrina Esau. As a young girl in South Africa’s Northern Cape, Esau stopped speaking N|uu after being mocked and told it was an “ugly language.” Now, at the age of 90, she is the last known speaker of N|uu, a language nearly eradicated by the impacts of colonialism and apartheid.

N|uu, pronounced with a clicking sound between the ‘N’ and the ‘uu’, is the most endangered language in the world. It originated from the ǂKhomani people of the southern Kalahari, an area on the modern-day borders of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The language has little written history due to its oral tradition and the violent suppression by the British Empire during the colonization of Africa in the 19th century.

The language went underground as people were beaten and even killed for using it, until the 1990s when Dr. Nigel Crawhall, a sociolinguist, and the United Nations initiated efforts to revive it. Initially, 25 people claimed fluency in N|uu, but by December 2021, only Esau remained.

Dr. Kerry Jones, a linguist and director of African Tongue, a professional linguistic consultancy working with contemporary speakers of endangered languages in southern Africa, highlighted the historical significance of the language. She explained that the 1990s marked a turning point when people began to feel safe to come forward and reveal their true identities and languages.

Esau recalled the challenges of her youth, stating, “We became ashamed when we were young girls, and we stopped speaking the language.” Instead, she spoke Afrikaans, the language promoted by South Africa’s white minority rulers.